Iron Supplements: When do you need them? What are the risks? Why does iron deficiency occur and what does it cause?
However, if we follow our usual rule that we shouldn't really take a lot of supplements if we don't need them, then we should really only take an iron supplement if we know that we're iron deficient (as measured by a blood test), or if there is a significant risk of developing iron deficiency - as in the case of pregnant women, menstruating women, infants, patients with severe kidney disease or those with chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Iron Deficiency How does one become iron deficient? 1) Poor nutrition - poorly balanced diet lacking in many of the food sources indicated below. 2) Chronic blood loss - often caused by menstruation in pre-menopausal women or by some internal gastrointestinal bleeding that we're often not aware of 'till we develop symptoms of anemia. Chronic loss of blood on a regular basis from almost any source can cause or contribute to iron deficiency. Iron can also be lost during kidney dialysis. 3) Malabsorption - meaning that the iron we take in is going right back out without being absorbed into the blood stream where it can be used by the tissues. This is usually caused by a decrease in gastric acid that occurs gradually as we get older. The iron that we ingest needs a certain amount of stomach acid to be absorbed. If the acid is not there, the iron doesn't get absorbed and we can become deficient. Other potential causes of malabsorption include prior gastric bypass surgery, Celiac disease, and any inflammatory condition involving the small intestine where most of the iron is absorbed. One other group of people that can develop iron deficiency or at least borderline low iron levels are athletes who engage in intensive exercise routines like jogging, cycling or swimming, especially female athletes, long distance runners and cyclists or vegetarian athletes. Make sure you get adequate nutritional sources of iron if you're in one of those categories and get checked by a doctor if you develop any of the symptoms mentioned below. What happens in Iron Deficiency? The greatest use of iron in the body is related to the production of red blood cells - the oxygen-carrying round concave little cells in our blood without which we cannot survive. Each red cell contains molecules of hemoglobin which is what the oxygen binds to when it's being carried around in our blood into the capillaries where it is then transmitted into the tissues to be used by other cells. Our bodies make hemoglobin from iron. Thus, if we are iron deficient, we won't have enough hemoglobin to make red blood cells and we then become anemic. What happens if we're anemic? The symptoms of anemia include the following: Severe fatigue Also, in severe cases, it can lead to stroke or heart attack. Iron Sources The main food sources of iron include almost any kind of meat or fish product, oatmeal, beans, lentils, soybeans, tofu, raisins, bread (white or wheat), grits, spinach, black-eyed peas and molasses. Vegetarians need to be especially careful to take in plenty of the not-meat items mentioned since the amount of iron those items contain is 2/3 less than the amount they would get in the same amount of meat. Iron Toxicity An acute iron overdose can be lethal, so we should always be cautious not to leave medicines or supplements within the reach of children. A long term use of an iron supplement when it is not needed can also cause significant liver disease, called hemachromatosis. This is usually a genetic disorder resulting in excessive absorption of iron from the diet. The same effect however can occur in those who take excessive iron supplements over a long time (years) when there is no reason to do so. Hemachromatosis is a severe potentially fatal liver disease and can also lead to heart failure and diabetes. If you don't fall into one of the groups mentioned above as being at high risk for iron deficiency, or if you haven't been diagnosed with iron deficiency by your doctor, then you probably shouldn't be taking it. One other side effect of taking iron supplements worth mentioning is that they are sometimes very constipating and can also cause nausea in many people. Additionally, iron supplements cause the stool to turn black, which can be confusing to someone who knows that blood in the gastrointestinal track also turns the stool black. So if you're taking an iron supplement and your stool becomes black, you won't know if it's just the iron or if you're bleeding internally till you stop the iron or have your stool tested by your doctor. Pepto Bismol and Kaopectate, incidentally, have the same effect of turning the stool black. Once again, iron is an essential mineral for us and iron deficiency can be a severe illness, but so can iron toxicity and overload. If you think you have symptoms of iron deficiency, don't just start taking iron supplements. See your doctor so you can be sure you're doing the right thing. Reference: For more information, visit the National Institutes of Health online at http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp
From Iron Supplements to Nutrition Guide
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